The effect of information seeking behaviors in fear control.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Individuals experiencing conditioned fear reactions often resort to avoidance and escape behaviors as attempts to decrease fear. Nevertheless, these strategies are not always available. In such cases, people seek information to mitigate aversive events. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of information seeking behaviors on self-reported fear, predictability, and physiological responses. METHODS: Participants were randomly assigned to two groups. In group one, individuals were given the choice to perform an instrumental behavior which provided information about the occurrence of either an aversive or a neutral event (100% contingency). In group two, individuals were also allowed to perform an instrumental behavior. However, such behavior provided partial information (50% contingency). RESULTS: Individuals in group one presented lower levels of fear compared to individuals assigned to group two. LIMITATIONS: The generalizability of the results may be restricted to undergraduate students. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggests that when avoidance and escape are not available, individuals seek information that provides control over fear. Clinical implications are discussed.

Women and videogames: What do they play? / Mujeres y videojuegos: ¿A qué juegan las mujeres?

La información sobre el uso de Videojuegos (VJ) en muestras generales refleja fundamentalmente las características de los hombres, por su mayor participación en VJ, dificultando identificar las características de las mujeres y su actividad de juego. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento lúdico de adolescentes y jóvenes madrileñas y su relación con el desarrollo de problemas de juego. Método: Se aplicó un cuestionario de autoinforme (Gamertest) a una muestra de 1.228 mujeres (12 -22 años) (M = 14.84; DT= 2.469), seleccionadas mediante muestreo aleatorio en centros educativos de la Comunidad de Madrid. Resultados: el 51% de las mujeres admite jugar. El perfil típico es una mujer que juega a VJ de forma esporádica y por cortos periodos de tiempo, preferiblemente juegos de Acción y Aventura o Puzles y Plataformas; principalmente en smartphones, en casa y sola, con el propósito de divertirse. Las principales variables predictivas de problemas de juego, identificadas con el Trastorno del Juego de Internet (TJI) en mujeres son: mayor número de horas de uso, participación en juegos de rol multijugador masivo online (MMORPG) y VJ de estrategia. El factor protector más importante es jugar a VJ acompañado. Se discuten los resultados.(AU)

The information on the use of Videogames (VG) in general samples fundamentally reflects the characteristics of men, because of their greater participation in VG, making it difficult to identify the characteristics of women and their gaming activity. Objective: To describe the gaming behaviour of adolescent and young women in Madrid, and its relation with the development of gaming problems. Method: A self-report questionnaire(Gamertest) was applied to a sample of 1,228 women (12 -22 years old) (M= 14.84; SD= 2.469), selected by randomized sampling in schools in the Community of Madrid. Results: 51% of women admit gaming. The typical profile is a woman who plays VG sporadically and for short periods of time, preferably Action and Adventure games or Puzzlesand Platforms, mainly on smartphones, at home and alone, with the purpose of having fun. The main predictive variables of gaming problems, identified with the Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) in women are: a greater number of hours of use, playing MassivelyMultiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG), and Strategy VG. The most protective factor is playing VG accompanied. The results are discussed.(AU)

Prevalence and Characteristics of Sports Betting in a Population of Young Students in Madrid.

The participation of young people in sports betting is causing social alarm as a result of both its invasive advertising and its possible involvement in the development of gaming problems. The objective of this study is to identify and characterise the situation in which young students in Madrid participate in sports betting. A Sports Betting Evaluation Questionnaire was given to a convenience sample of 735 young students from Madrid (aged 18-25), both live (face-to-face) and on-line. 42.6% of the sample admitted having placed sports bets at one time; 81% of those who had bet were men and 78% had bet live, versus 18% who had done so on-line and 5% using both systems. Men were found to bet more frequently and spend more money and more time doing so than women. Those who bet on-line do so more frequently and spend more money and more time than those who bet live. Young people bet mainly on football and the most frequent bets are the most obvious ones, i.e. on the winner. The frequency of participation in sports betting is high, but the time and money spent is moderate, albeit always higher in men than in women.

Validación del Eating Attitudes Test como instrumento de cribado de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en población general / Validation of the Eating Attitudes Test as a screening instrument for eating disorders in general population

Fundamento y objetivo: Validar un punto de corte del Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40), versión española, para el cribado de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) en población general. Material y método: Estudio observacional transversal. Se administró la versión española del EAT-40 a una muestra representativa de 1.543 estudiantes de ambos sexos (entre 12-21 años) escolarizados en la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid. Se entrevistó a 602 participantes (probables casos y muestra aleatoria de probables controles). Resultados: El punto de corte de 21 obtuvo la mejor predicción diagnóstica, con una sensibilidad del 88,2%, una especificidad del 62,1%, un valor predictivo positivo del 17,7% y un valor predictivo negativo del 62,1%. Conclusiones: El EAT-40, utilizando un punto de corte de 21, es un instrumento de cribado adecuado de casos de TCA en población española (AU)

Background and objective: To validate the best cut-off point of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40), Spanish version, for the screening of eating disorders (ED) in the general population. Material and method: This was a transversal cross-sectional study. The EAT-40 Spanish version was administered to a representative sample of 1.543 students, age range 12 to 21 years, in the Region of Madrid. Six hundred and two participants (probable cases and a random sample of controls) were interviewed. Results: The best diagnostic prediction was obtained with a cut-off point of 21, with sensitivity: 88.2%; specificity: 62.1%; positive predictive value: 17.7%; negative predictive value: 62.1%. Conclusions: Use of a cut-off point of 21 is recommended in epidemiological studies of eating disorders in the Spanish general population (AU)

[Validation of the Eating Attitudes Test as a screening instrument for eating disorders in general population]. / Validación del Eating Attitudes Test como instrumento de cribado de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en población general.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To validate the best cut-off point of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40), Spanish version, for the screening of eating disorders (ED) in the general population. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This was a transversal cross-sectional study. The EAT-40 Spanish version was administered to a representative sample of 1.543 students, age range 12 to 21 years, in the Region of Madrid. Six hundred and two participants (probable cases and a random sample of controls) were interviewed. RESULTS: The best diagnostic prediction was obtained with a cut-off point of 21, with sensitivity: 88.2%; specificity: 62.1%; positive predictive value: 17.7%; negative predictive value: 62.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a cut-off point of 21 is recommended in epidemiological studies of eating disorders in the Spanish general population.

Norms for the Spanish version of the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (S-EDE-Q) / Datos normativos de la versión española del Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (S-EDE-Q)

Background: This study presents normative data on the Spanish Version of the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (S-EDE-Q) for adolescents and young adults in Spain. Method: A sample of 1,543 men and women, aged 12 - 21 years, completed the S-EDE-Q as part of a larger assessment battery. Results: Means, standard deviations, clinical signifi cance and percentile ranks for the raw Restraint, Eating Concern, Shape Concern, and Weight Concern subscales and the Global Score by age group and gender are presented. Data on any and regular occurrences of dieting, bingeing and compensatory behaviors by age group and gender are reported. Compared with men, women scored higher on all the subscales and reported more key eating disorders (ED) and compensatory behavior. Compared with adolescents, young adults scored higher on the Restraint and Shape Concern subscales and reported more dietary restraint (DR), objective binge episodes (OBE) and diuretic misuse (DIUR). Conclusions: These results can help researchers and clinicians interpret the S-EDE-Q scores of adolescents and young adults in Spanish-speaking countries (AU)

Antecedentes: este estudio presenta datos normativos de la versión española del Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (S-EDE-Q) para adolescentes y adultos jóvenes de ambos géneros en España. Método: una muestra de 1.543 varones y mujeres de 12 a 21 años completaron el S-EDE-Q. Resultados: se presentan medias, desviaciones típicas, significación clínica y percentiles para las cuatro escalas y para la puntuación global por grupos de edad y género. Se aportan datos de ocurrencia de dieta, sobreingesta y conductas compensatorias por grupos de edad y género. Las mujeres obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas en todas las subescalas e informaron de más sintomatología específica de trastornos alimentarios que los varones. Los adultos obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas en las subescalas Restricción alimentaria y Preocupación por la figura e informaron de más restricción, episodios de sobreingesta y abuso de diuréticos que los adolescentes. Conclusiones: estos resultados pueden ser de utilidad para la interpretación de puntuaciones del S-EDE-Q de varones y mujeres adolescentes y jóvenes en países de habla hispana (AU)

Validation of eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q) -Spanish version- for screening eating disorders

This research examines the internal consistency, convergent validity, and sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value of the Spanish version of the Eating Disorder Examination-Self- Report Questionnaire (S-EDE-Q), as a screening questionnaire for eating disorders (ED) in a community sample. Participants were 1543 male and female Spanish-speaking students (age range: 12-21 years), who volunteered to complete the S-EDE-Q and the EAT-40. The Spanish version of the Eating Disorders Examination (S-EDE) interview, 12th edition, was administered to 602 of the students. Acceptable internal consistency for the four subscales of the S-EDE-Q was obtained (α ≥ .74). Corrected pointbiserial correlation performed with the 22 items included in the S-EDE-Q subscales showed acceptable values for all the items. The EAT-40 Dieting subscale correlated highly and positively with the four SEDE- Q subscales (r ≥ .70). Acceptable results in sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value when compared with the EDE were found. Correlation between S-EDE and S-EDEQ diagnoses was positive and significant. Overall, results support the psychometric adequacy of the SEDE- Q as a screening questionnaire for ED in community samples (AU)

Este estudio examina la consistencia interna, validez convergente, y la sensibilidad, especificidad y valor predictivo positivo y negativo de la versión española del Eating Disorder Examination-Self-Report Questionnaire (EDE-Q), como cuestionario de screening de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) en una muestra comunitaria. Un total de 1543 estudiantes hispano-hablantes de 12 a 21 años de ambos géneros completaron la versión española del EDE-Q y el cuestionario EAT-40. La versión española de la edición 12 de la entrevista Eating Disorders Examination (EDE) fue administrada a 602 estudiantes. Se obtuvo aceptable consistencia interna para las cuatro subescalas de la versión española del EDEQ (α ≥ .74). Correlación biserial puntual corregida realizada con los 22 ítems incluidos en las subescalas de la versión española del EDE-Q mostró valores aceptables para todos los ítems. La subescala Dieta del EAT-40 correlacionó positiva y significativamente con las cuatro subescalas de la versión española del EDE-Q (r ≥ .70). Resultados aceptables en sensibilidad, especificidad y valor predictivo positivo y negativo fueron hallados en comparación con la entrevista EDE. La correlación entre los diagnósticos obtenidos por las versiones españolas de la EDE y del EDE-Q fue positiva and significativa. Los resultados demuestran la adecuidad de la versión española del EDE-Q como cuestionario de screening de TCA en muestras comunitarias (AU)

A study of patients who go to a psychology clinic seeking treatment.

In order to characterize a typical clinical context, as opposed to an academic or research context, this article will analyze the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients who turn to a psychology clinic in need of professional help. This study was conducted using an initial sample of 1,305 patients at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) Clínica Universitaria de Psicología. Of the sociodemographic characteristics studied, it is noteworthy that the majority of patients were women (65%) and relatively young (the average age is 29.7 years-old). The disorders for which psychological help was most often needed were anxiety and mood disorders and relationship problems, which together made up 50% of cases. In 17.70% of cases, patients had at least one comorbid disorder in addition to the one that brought them to the clinic. The generalizability and implications of the results are discussed.

A study of patients who go to a psychology clinic seeking treatment

In order to characterize a typical clinical context, as opposed to an academic or research context, this article will analyze the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients who turn to a psychology clinic in need of professional help. This study was conducted using an initial sample of 1,305 patients at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) Clínica Universitaria de Psicología. Of the sociodemographic characteristics studied, it is noteworthy that the majority of patients were women (65%) and relatively young (the average age is 29.7 years-old). The disorders for which psychological help was most often needed were anxiety and mood disorders and relationship problems, which together made up 50% of cases. In 17.70% of cases, patients had at least one comorbid disorder in addition to the one that brought them to the clinic. The generalizability and implications of the results are discussed (AU)

Con el objetivo de caracterizar el contexto clínico habitual, en contraposición al contexto académico o de investigación, se analizan las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los pacientes que acuden a una clínica de psicología en demanda de ayuda profesional. El trabajo se ha realizado a partir de una muestra inicial de 1305 pacientes de la Clínica de Psicología de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. De las características sociodemográficas destaca que la mayoría de los pacientes son mujeres (65%), relativamente jóvenes (edad media de 29,7 años). Los trastornos por los que más frecuentemente se demanda ayuda psicológica son los trastornos de ansiedad, trastornos del estado de ánimo y problemas de relación, que constituyen alrededor del 50% de los casos. En un 17,70% de los casos hay uno o más trastornos comórbidos a aquel por el que se acude a consulta. Se discuten la generalización de los resultados y las implicaciones de los mismos (AU)

Tratamientos psicológicos en la práctica clínica cotidiana / Psychological treatments in the usual clinical practice

El objetivo del presente estudio es identificar la intervención psicológica en el contexto de la práctica clínica en contraposición al contexto investigador. Se analizan las características de una muestra de 122 pacientes que acuden en demanda de ayuda psicológica a la Unidad de Psicología Clínica asociada al Master de Psicología Clínica de la UCM. Los pacientes mayoritariamente son mujeres (68.85%), siendo la edad media 32.17 años. Tras identificar el tipo de problemas por los que se demanda atención, se analizan la duración promedia de los tratamientos, considerando tres categorías: Altas antes de 20 sesiones de tratamiento (32.79%), Altas entre 21 y 34 sesiones de tratamiento (31.15%) y Alta, Baja o En Tratamiento con más de 34 sesiones (36.60%). Se analiza la duración de los tratamientos según diagnóstico, siendo los trastornos de estrés postraumático y distímico los que requirieron mayor número de sesiones, frente al trastorno de ansiedad generalizada o trastorno depresivo que fueron los que menos. Se discuten la generalización de los resultados y las implicaciones de los mismos para la profesión y la práctica clínica (AU)

The aim of the study is to characterize psychological intervention in the usual clinical practice as opposed to the research’s context. The characteristics of a sample of 122 patients asking for psychological help at the Unit of Clinical Psychology in the Complutense University of Madrid, are presented. Patients are mainly women (68.85 %), and the average age is 32.17 years. After identifying the kind of problems for witch the help is required, the length of treatments is considered, clustered in three categories: 20 sessions of treatment or less (32.79 %), between 21 and 34 sessions of treatment (31.15 %) and over 34 session (36.60 %). Also the treatment’s length is considered according to the psychopathological diagnosis. Posttraumatic stress disorder and Distimic disorder are the diagnosis witch required a greater number of sessions, whereas generalized anxiety disorder or depressive disorder are those that least sessions required. The generalization of results and it’s implications for the profession clinical practice, and for training clinical psychologists, are discussed (AU)

[Psychological care demand in clinical practice: treatment and results]. / Demanda de atención psicológica en la práctica clínica: tratamientos y resultados.

With the aim of describing the usual clinical context as opposed to the academic or research context, the characteristics of patients and psychological treatments applied in a sample of 856 patients from the Clinic of Psychology of the Complutense University is analyzed. The disorders that require attention, the characteristics of the therapists and their interventions are identified. Out of the total patients, 24.3% withdrew from treatment; 68.3% of the patients who started treatment completed it with therapeutic success. 83% of patients were assessed in 4 sessions or fewer (median=4). 75.3% of patients who finished the treatment received 18 or fewer treatment sessions (median=11). The generalization of the results and their implications for professional clinical practice and for training clinical psychologists are discussed.

Demanda de atención psicológica en la práctica clínica: tratamientos y resultados / Psychological care demand in clinical practice: treatment and results

Con el objetivo de caracterizar el contexto clínico habitual, en contraposición al contexto de investigación, se analizan las características de pacientes y tratamientos aplicados en una muestra de 856 pacientes de la Clínica de Psicología de la Universidad Complutense. Se identifican los tipos de problemas por los que se demanda atención, las características de los terapeutas y su actuación. El 83% de los pacientes fue evaluado en 4 sesiones o menos (mediana= 4). El 75,3% recibió 18 o menos sesiones de tratamiento (mediana 11). El 24,3% de los pacientes abandonó el tratamiento. De los pacientes que iniciaron tratamiento el 68,3% finalizó éste como alta terapéutica. Se discute la generalización de los resultados e implicaciones para la profesión y la práctica clínica (AU)

With the aim of describing the usual clinical context as opposed to the academic or research context, the characteristics of patients and psychological treatments applied in a sample of 856 patients from the Clinic of Psychology of the Complutense University is analyzed. The disorders that require attention, the characteristics of the therapists and their interventions are identified. Out of the total patients, 24.3% withdrew from treatment; 68.3% of the patients who started treatment completed it with therapeutic success. 83% of patients were assessed in 4 sessions or fewer (median= 4). 75.3% of patients who finished the treatment received 18 or fewer treatment sessions (median= 11). The generalization of the results and their implications for professional clinical practice and for training clinical psychologists are discussed (AU)

Evaluación de la eficacia de un tratamiento individual para mujeres víctimas de violencia de pareja con trastorno de estrés postraumático

El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar la eficacia de un tratamiento breve e individual del trastornode estrés postraumático (TEPT) en mujeres víctimas de pareja. Participaron 20 mujeres víctimas de malos tratos por su pareja, todas con diagnóstico de TEPT (DSM-IV-TR). El tratamiento, aplicado enformato individual, consta de ocho sesiones, incluyendo psicoeducación, entrenamiento en control de la activación, terapia cognitiva y terapia de exposición. Se utilizó un diseño cuasiexperimental de medidas repetidas (en el pretratamiento, postratamiento y seguimientos). En el postratamientose consigue una mejora significativa en la sintomatología postraumática (superación del TEPT en más del 80% de las participantes) y en los problemas asociados: depresión, autoestima, inadaptación social y cogniciones postraumáticas. Mejorías que se mantienen, e incluso, se incrementan en el seguimiento a seis meses.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief and specific treatment of the PosttraumaticStress Disorder (PSD) in women victims of domestic violence. The participants were 20 battered women, all of whom fulfilled the PSD diagnosis (DSM-IV-TR). The treatment, individually applied, consists of eight sessions and it includes psycho-education, training for the activation control, cognitive therapy and exposure therapy. A quasi-experimental design of repeated measures was used(pre-treatment, post-treatment and 6 month follow-up). The results at the post-treatment stage showeda significant improvement for the PSD symptoms (80% of the women no longer fulfilled the PSD criteria). Also, they presented significant improvements in other symptoms: depression, self-esteem, social adaptation problems, and posttraumatic beliefs. At the six month follow-up these improvementsremained constant, and even increased.

O objetivo desta investigação é avaliar a eficácia de um tratamento breve e individual do transtorno de stress pós-traumático (TEPT) em mulheres vítimas de casal. Participaram 20 mulheres vítimas de maus tratos pelo seu casal, todas com diagnóstico de TEPT (DSM-IV-TR). O tratamento, aplicado em formato individual, consta de oito sessões, incluindo psicoeducação, treinamento em controle da ativação, terapia cognitiva e terapia de exposição. Se utilizou um design cuaseexperimental de medidas repetidas (no pre-tratamiento, pós-tratamento e seguimentos). No pós-tratamento se consegue uma melhora significativa na sintomatologia post-traumática (superação do TEPT em mais de 80% das participantes) e nos problemas associados: Depressão, auto-estima, inadaptação social e cogniçõespós-traumáticas. Melhorias que se mantêm e inclusive se aumentam no seguimento a seis meses.

Comparison of single- and double-stage designs in the prevalence estimation of eating disorders in community samples.

The aim of this research was to compare two different case-identification designs: (a) a one-stage anonymous design using the Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q; Fairburn & Beglin, 1994) as diagnostic instrument and (b) a two-stage-non-anonymous design using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT; Garner & Garfinkel, 1979) and the EDE-Q as screening instruments and the clinical interview Eating Disorders Examination (EDE; Fairbumrn & Cooper, 1993) as diagnostic instrument, in the estimation of eating disorders prevalence in community samples. Both epidemiological designs were compared in: eating disorders prevalence, population at risk, and weekly frequency of associated symptomatology (binge eating episodes, self-vomiting) within a sample of 559 scholars (14 to 18 year-old males and females) studying in the region of Madrid. Eating disorders prevalence estimation using single-stage design was 6.2%, and 3% using the two-stage design; however, these differences were not significant (p = .067). No significant differences between the two procedures were found either in population at risk or in weekly frequency of reported self-vomiting. Reported binge eating episodes were higher in the one-stage design. The use of a two-stage procedure with clinical interview (vs. questionnaire) leads to a better understanding of the items (specially the most ambiguous ones) and thus, to a more accurate prevalence estimation.

Comparison of Single- and Double-Stage Designs in the Prevalence Estimation of Eating Disorders in Community Samples

The aim of this research was to compare two different case-identification designs: (a) a one-stage anonymous design using the Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q; Fairburn & Beglin, 1994) as diagnostic instrument and (b) a two-stage-non-anonymous design using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT; Garner & Garfinkel, 1979) and the EDE-Q as screening instruments and the clinical interview Eating Disorders Examination (EDE; Fairburn & Cooper, 1993) as diagnostic instrument, in the estimation of eating disorders prevalence in community samples. Both epidemiological designs were compared in: eating disorders prevalence, population at risk, and weekly frequency of associated symptomatology (binge eating episodes, self-vomiting) within a sample of 559 scholars (14 to 18 year-old males and females) studying in the region of Madrid. Eating disorders prevalence estimation using single-stage design was 6.2%, and 3% using the two-stage design; however, these differences were not significant (p = .067). No significant differences between the two procedures were found either in population at risk or in weekly frequency of reported self-vomiting. Reported binge eating episodes were higher in the one-stage design. The use of a two-stage procedure with clinical interview (vs. questionnaire) leads toa better understanding of the items (specially the most ambiguous ones) and thus, to a more accurate prevalence estimation (AU)

El objetivo era comparar la adecuación de dos protocolos en la estimación de prevalencia de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA): Protocolo de una fase, anónimo, usando como instrumento diagnóstico «Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire» (EDE-Q; Fairburn & Beglin, 1994); y Protocolo de doble fase, no anónimo, usando como instrumentos de «cribado» el «Eating Attitudes Test» (EAT; Garner & Garfinkel, 1979) y el EDE-Q; y como instrumento diagnóstico el «Eating Disorders Examination» (EDE; Fairburn & Cooper, 1993). Ambos protocolos fueron comparados en estimación de prevalencia de TCA, población en riesgo y frecuencia semanal de sintomatología asociada (episodios de sobreingesta y vómitos autoinducidos), en 559 adolescentes (ambos sexos) 14 - 18 años escolarizados en la Comunidad de Madrid. La estimación de prevalencia TCA con el protocolo de una fase fue 6,2%; y con el protocolo de dos fases, 3%, aunque las diferencias no fueron significativas (p = 0,067). No hubo diferencias significativas en cuanto a población en riesgo ni en frecuencia semanal de vómitos autoinducidos obtenida por ambos protocolos. La frecuencia semanal de atracones fue superior en el grupo de una fase. El protocolo de dos fases permite una mejor comprensión de los ítems y, por tanto, es más aconsejable para una estimación más precisa de la prevalencia de TCA (AU)

Prevalence of eating disorders among adolescent and young adult scholastic population in the region of Madrid (Spain).

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of eating disorders (EDs) in a representative scholastic sample was evaluated, and the demographic factors associated with ED were assessed. METHOD: The study used a two-stage epidemiological design. The study population was a randomly selected sample of 1545 students (12- to 21-year-old males and females) in the region of Madrid (Spain). RESULTS: ED prevalence was 3.43%. Prevalence estimations were as follows: 5.34% for females: 2.72% for eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS), 2.29% for bulimia nervosa (BN), and 0.33% for anorexia nervosa (AN); and 0.64% for males: 0.48% for EDNOS, 0.16% for BN, and 0.00% for AN. Some demographic factors that were shown to be associated with ED included the following: sex, age, single child, single-parent families, and father or mother's death. DISCUSSION: Despite the methodological improvements over previous epidemiological studies developed in Spain, there were no significant differences in the prevalence estimations.

Skinner and the rise of behavior modification and behavior therapy.

Skinner is, without a doubt, one of the most predominant figures in the development of Behavior Modification and Behavior Therapy. Skinners' work is essential to the development of Behavior Modification and Behavior Therapy. Beginning with the social need for efficient psychotherapy, and after having generated a solid theoretical body of behavioral laws, Skinner indicated and also developed the appropriate path towards efficient interventions for unadaptive behavior. He developed a new theory regarding abnormal behavior (psychopathology), as well as a procedural model for evaluation (diagnosis) and intervention: "The functional analysis of behavior". His applications for this kind of work are pioneering and at the same time, he is the agglutinant figure of what we today call "Behavior Modification and/or Therapy". It is remarkable that a scientist could change the theories and practices of a discipline as radically as Skinner and his work did. His work, however, still has its limitations. The best way to acknowledge and pay tribute to Skinners' work is to overcome these limitations.

Tipo de distorsiones cognitivas durante el juego en jugadores patológicos y no jugadores / Differences on cognitive distortions during gambling in pathological gamblers and no-gamblers

Se analizan las verbalizaciones de 80 jugadores patológicos (DSM-IV) y 80 no-jugadores, en una situación de juego en una máquina tragaperras, mediante el método de «pensar en voz alta». Aparecen diferencias en el tipo de errores cognitivos cometidos. Los jugadores patológicos presentan mayores porcentajes de distorsiones cognitivas referidas a predicción de resultados, consideración del azar como proceso autocorrectivo y personificación de la máquina. Los no-jugadores presentan en mayor medida errores del tipo ilusión de control, creencia en la suerte y fijación en frecuencias absolutas. La presencia de estas distorsiones cognitivas específicas de los jugadores patológicos puede ser decisiva en el desarrollo y mantenimiento del juego (AU)

The verbalizations of 80 pathological gamblers (DSM-IV) and 80 non-gamblers, during a slot-machine gambling situation, were analyzed using the «thinking aloud method». There are differences in the cognitive distortions of both groups. Pathological gamblers show higher percentages of result predictions, considering chance as a self-corrective process and personification of the gambling machine. Nongamblers show higher percentages of illusion of control, belief in luck and attention to absolute frequencies. The presence of those cognitive distortions characteristics for the pathological gambling, can be crucial in the pathological gambling development and maintenance (AU)

Tratamientos psicológicos eficaces para las disfunciones sexuales / Efficacious psychological treatments for sexual dysfunction

A partir de la terapia sexual de Maters y Johnsos (1970), que marcó un punto de inflexión claro en el tratamiento de este tipo de problemas, las disfunciones sexuales han constituido un campo de actuación habitual para el tratamiento psicológico. Sin embargo, esta amplia aplicación y los buenos resultados obtenidos, no se han visto hasta el momento avalados por una investigación rigurosa que respalde su eficacia y efectividad. Asimismo, se carece de datos comparativos de la eficacia de los tratamientos psicológicos y médicos para este tipo de problemas. Esta falta de trabajos parece relacionarse con diversas dificultades y problemas que afectan a la obtención y selección de muestras, a la evaluación y diagnóstico de los pacientes, a los propios tratamientos y a los diseños experimentales. Teniendo en cuenta estas limitaciones, se revisa la evidencia disponible acerca de la eficacia de los tratamientos, tanto psicológicos como médicos, de las disfunciones sexuales. Para ello se diferencian disfunciones masculinas (más estudiadas hasta la fecha) y femeninas, haciendo hincapié en aquellas que han recibido una mayor atención (i.e. los trastornos de la erección, la eyaculación precoz y la inhibición de la eyaculación en el varón y, fundamentalmente, los trastornos del deso sexual hipoactivo y orgásmico en la mujer). A la luz de este análisis se señalan posibles vías de actuación en la investigación sobre el tema (AU)

Starting from Masters and Johnson’s sex therapy (1970), sexual dysfunction has become a usual objective in therapy. Nevertheless, the expanded use and the positive results of sex therapy are not supported up to now by methodologically robust studies showing it efficacy and effectiveness. Furthermore, there is no evidence about the differential effects of medical and psychological treatments for these problems. Reasons for this include several problems and difficulties concerning sample selection, measurement and diagnostic, treatment and research design. Keeping in mind these restrictions, available evidence about efficacy of both psychological and medical treatments for sexual dysfunction is reviewed. Male and female dysfunctions are separately reviewed, focusing on those disorders that have received more attention. So that, among males dysfunctions, erectile problems, premature ejaculation and inhibited orgasm, are considered, while among female ones (less studied in general) hypoactive sexual desire and orgasmic disorders are included. Stemming from the analysis several guidelines for future research on this topic are proposed (AU)